![]() This paper reviews the past many decades of work that has been invested in understanding the most important of such processes, namely that which has come to be referred to as 'glacial isostatic adjustment' (GIA). ![]() For this reason, there has been an increasing focus on the understanding of physical phenomenology that is unambiguously associated with mantle flow processes that are distinct from those directly associated with the convective circulation itself. Unfortunately, data provide no information that is directly relevant to understanding the solid state 'flow' of the polycrystalline outer 'mantle' shell of the planet that is involved in the thermally driven convective circulation that is responsible for powering the 'drift' of the continents and which controls the rate of planetary cooling on long timescales. Analysis of the travel times of shear or compression wave phases excited by individual earthquakes, or through analysis of the elastic gravitational free oscillations that individual earthquakes of sufficiently large magnitude may excite, has been the central focus of Earth physics research for more than a century. ![]() By far the most prescient insights into the interior structure of the planet have been provided on the basis of elastic wave seismology.
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